From 72c578fd4b0b4a5a43e18594339ac4ff26c376dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luca Falavigna Date: Sat, 2 Jan 2010 20:56:27 +0100 Subject: Imported Upstream version 1.2.0.d20091224 --- doc/python10/MANIFEST | 16 + doc/python10/abstract.xml | 32 ++ doc/python10/acks.xml | 27 ++ doc/python10/arch.eps | 134 +++++++ doc/python10/arch.fig | 35 ++ doc/python10/arch.jpg | Bin 0 -> 22004 bytes doc/python10/builder.eps | 325 ++++++++++++++++ doc/python10/builder.fig | 128 +++++++ doc/python10/builder.jpg | Bin 0 -> 53107 bytes doc/python10/copyright.xml | 32 ++ doc/python10/design.xml | 898 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ doc/python10/future.xml | 170 +++++++++ doc/python10/install.xml | 179 +++++++++ doc/python10/intro.xml | 212 +++++++++++ doc/python10/job-task.eps | 238 ++++++++++++ doc/python10/job-task.fig | 90 +++++ doc/python10/job-task.jpg | Bin 0 -> 25895 bytes doc/python10/main.xml | 221 +++++++++++ doc/python10/node.eps | 351 ++++++++++++++++++ doc/python10/node.fig | 165 +++++++++ doc/python10/node.jpg | Bin 0 -> 61105 bytes doc/python10/process.xml | 353 ++++++++++++++++++ doc/python10/scanner.eps | 168 +++++++++ doc/python10/scanner.fig | 57 +++ doc/python10/scanner.jpg | Bin 0 -> 26788 bytes doc/python10/scons.mod | 428 +++++++++++++++++++++ doc/python10/sig.eps | 147 ++++++++ doc/python10/sig.fig | 44 +++ doc/python10/sig.jpg | Bin 0 -> 13913 bytes 29 files changed, 4450 insertions(+) create mode 100644 doc/python10/MANIFEST create mode 100644 doc/python10/abstract.xml create mode 100644 doc/python10/acks.xml create mode 100644 doc/python10/arch.eps create mode 100644 doc/python10/arch.fig create mode 100644 doc/python10/arch.jpg create mode 100644 doc/python10/builder.eps create mode 100644 doc/python10/builder.fig create mode 100644 doc/python10/builder.jpg create mode 100644 doc/python10/copyright.xml create mode 100644 doc/python10/design.xml create mode 100644 doc/python10/future.xml create mode 100644 doc/python10/install.xml create mode 100644 doc/python10/intro.xml create mode 100644 doc/python10/job-task.eps create mode 100644 doc/python10/job-task.fig create mode 100644 doc/python10/job-task.jpg create mode 100644 doc/python10/main.xml create mode 100644 doc/python10/node.eps create mode 100644 doc/python10/node.fig create mode 100644 doc/python10/node.jpg create mode 100644 doc/python10/process.xml create mode 100644 doc/python10/scanner.eps create mode 100644 doc/python10/scanner.fig create mode 100644 doc/python10/scanner.jpg create mode 100644 doc/python10/scons.mod create mode 100644 doc/python10/sig.eps create mode 100644 doc/python10/sig.fig create mode 100644 doc/python10/sig.jpg (limited to 'doc/python10') diff --git a/doc/python10/MANIFEST b/doc/python10/MANIFEST new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9484d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/MANIFEST @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +abstract.xml +acks.xml +arch.fig +builder.fig +copyright.xml +design.xml +future.xml +install.xml +intro.xml +job-task.fig +main.xml +node.fig +process.xml +scanner.fig +scons.mod +sig.fig diff --git a/doc/python10/abstract.xml b/doc/python10/abstract.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..294180b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/abstract.xml @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + + + &SCons; is a software construction tool (build tool, or make tool) + implemented in Python, which uses Python scripts as "configuration + files" for software builds. Based on the design which won the + Software Carpentry build tool competition, &SCons solves a number of + problems associated with other build tools, especially including the + classic and ubiquitous &Make; itself. + + + + + + Distinctive features of &SCons; include: a modular design that + lends itself to being embedded in other applications; a global + view of all dependencies in the source tree; an improved model for + parallel () builds; automatic scanning of files for + dependencies; use of MD5 signatures for deciding whether a file + is up-to-date; use of traditional file timestamps instead of + MD5 signatures available as an option; + use of Python functions or objects to build target files; easy user + extensibility. + + + + + + This paper discusses the goals of the &SCons; project, gives an overview + of the design of &SCons; itself, describes the development process used, + and discusses future plans and directions for the tool. + + diff --git a/doc/python10/acks.xml b/doc/python10/acks.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..895bad7 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/acks.xml @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + + + First, many thanks to the great group of developers who dove in right + from the beginning and have contributed the code and ideas to make + &SCons; a success: Chad Austin, Charles Crain, Steve Leblanc, and + Anthony Roach. Thanks also to those on the scons-devel mailing list + who have contributed greatly to the discussion, notably including + David Abrahams, Trent Mick, and Steven Shaw. + + + + + + &SCons; would not exist today without the pioneering work of Bob + Sidebotham on the original &Cons; tool, and without Greg Wilson's + having started the Software Carpentry contest. + + + + + + Thanks also to Peter Miller for: Aegis; the testing discipline that it + enforces, without which creating a stable but flexible tool would be + impossible; the "Recursive Make Considered Harmful" paper which led me + to experiment with &Cons; in the first place. + + diff --git a/doc/python10/arch.eps b/doc/python10/arch.eps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1fdd51f --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/arch.eps @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: build/doc/python10/arch.fig +%%Creator: /usr/bin/fig2dev Version 3.2 Patchlevel 3d +%%CreationDate: Sun Jan 2 01:21:05 2005 +%%For: 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4350 4800 l 4390 4725 l + cp gs col0 s gr +% Polyline +n 2850 4650 m 2810 4725 l 2850 4800 l 2890 4725 l + cp gs col0 s gr +% Polyline +n 11550 4650 m 11510 4725 l 11550 4800 l 11590 4725 l + cp gs col0 s gr +% Polyline + [60] 0 sd +n 3600 1200 m + 3600 900 l gs col0 s gr [] 0 sd +$F2psEnd +rs diff --git a/doc/python10/builder.fig b/doc/python10/builder.fig new file mode 100644 index 0000000..75e5ec0 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/builder.fig @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +#FIG 3.2 +Landscape +Center +Inches +Letter +100.00 +Single +-2 +1200 2 +6 2700 1200 4500 1800 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 2700 1200 4500 1200 4500 1800 2700 1800 2700 1200 +4 0 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 1290 2925 1575 Environment\001 +-6 +6 2700 2400 4500 3000 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 2700 2400 4500 2400 4500 3000 2700 3000 2700 2400 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 225 1620 3600 2775 BuilderWrapper\001 +-6 +6 2700 3600 4500 4200 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 2700 3600 4500 3600 4500 4200 2700 4200 2700 3600 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 1215 3600 3975 BuilderBase\001 +-6 +6 8400 3600 9900 4200 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 8400 3600 9900 3600 9900 4200 8400 4200 8400 3600 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 1140 9150 3975 ActionBase\001 +-6 +6 3900 4800 5400 5700 +6 4050 4950 5250 5475 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 225 1140 4650 5175 MultiStep-\001 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 750 4650 5460 Builder\001 +-6 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 3900 4800 5400 4800 5400 5700 3900 5700 3900 4800 +-6 +6 1800 4800 3300 5700 +6 1950 4950 3150 5475 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 225 1200 2550 5175 Composite-\001 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 750 2550 5460 Builder\001 +-6 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 1800 4800 3300 4800 3300 5700 1800 5700 1800 4800 +-6 +6 6300 4800 7800 5700 +6 6525 4950 7575 5475 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 1020 7050 5175 Command\001 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 675 7050 5460 Action\001 +-6 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 6300 4800 7800 4800 7800 5700 6300 5700 6300 4800 +-6 +6 8400 4800 9900 5700 +6 8700 4950 9600 5475 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 675 9150 5460 Action\001 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 870 9150 5175 Function\001 +-6 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 8400 4800 9900 4800 9900 5700 8400 5700 8400 4800 +-6 +6 10500 4800 12000 5700 +6 10875 4950 11625 5475 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 390 11250 5175 List\001 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 675 11250 5460 Action\001 +-6 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 10500 4800 12000 4800 12000 5700 10500 5700 10500 4800 +-6 +6 900 2400 2100 3000 +2 2 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 5 + 900 2400 2100 2400 2100 3000 900 3000 900 2400 +4 1 0 50 0 0 16 0.0000 4 165 525 1500 2775 Node\001 +-6 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 4 + 3600 4200 3525 4350 3675 4350 3600 4200 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 4 + 3150 4800 3150 4500 4050 4500 4050 4800 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 + 3600 4350 3600 4500 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 4 + 9150 4200 9075 4350 9225 4350 9150 4200 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 4 + 7050 4800 7050 4500 10950 4500 10950 4800 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 + 9150 4350 9150 4800 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 3 + 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 + 11550 4650 11550 3900 9900 3900 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 + 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 + 4650 3900 8400 3900 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 + 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 + 3900 2250 3900 1800 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 + 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 + 3300 1950 3300 2400 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 + 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 + 3600 3150 3600 3600 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 + 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 + 4350 4650 4350 4200 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 2 + 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 + 2850 4650 2850 4200 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 -1 1 0 3 + 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 + 1500 3150 1500 3900 2700 3900 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 + 4650 3900 4575 3860 4500 3900 4575 3940 4650 3900 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 + 1500 3000 1460 3075 1500 3150 1540 3075 1500 3000 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 + 3600 3000 3560 3075 3600 3150 3640 3075 3600 3000 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 + 3300 1800 3260 1875 3300 1950 3340 1875 3300 1800 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 + 3900 2250 3860 2325 3900 2400 3940 2325 3900 2250 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 + 4350 4650 4310 4725 4350 4800 4390 4725 4350 4650 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 + 2850 4650 2810 4725 2850 4800 2890 4725 2850 4650 +2 3 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 + 11550 4650 11510 4725 11550 4800 11590 4725 11550 4650 +2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 + 3600 1200 3600 900 diff --git a/doc/python10/builder.jpg b/doc/python10/builder.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9085e8 Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/python10/builder.jpg differ diff --git a/doc/python10/copyright.xml b/doc/python10/copyright.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d141fc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/copyright.xml @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ + + +
+ + + Copyright (c) 2001, 2002 Steven Knight + + +
diff --git a/doc/python10/design.xml b/doc/python10/design.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb58af9 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/design.xml @@ -0,0 +1,898 @@ + + + The &SCons; architecture consists of three layers: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The &SCons; Build Engine, a package of Python + modules that handle dependency management and updating out-of-date + objects. + + + + + + + + The &SCons; API (applications programming + interface) between the Build Engine + and the user interface. + + + + + + + + The &scons; script itself (note lower case + sc), which is the pre-provided interface to + the Build Engine. + + + + + + + + + Notice that this architecture separates the internal workings of + &SCons; (the Build Engine) from the + external user interface. The benefit is that the &SCons; Build Engine + can be imported into any other software package written in Python + to support a variety of user interfaces—or, to look at it + in reverse, other software interfaces can use the &SCons; Build + Engine to manage dependencies between their objects. + + + + + + Because the + &SCons; package itself is modular, only those parts of the package + relevant to the embedding interface need be imported; for example, + a utility that wants to use only file timestamps for checking + whether a file is up-to-date + need not import the MD5 signature module. + + + +
+ The &SCons; Build Engine + + + + The Build Engine is a package of Python modules that + form the heart of &SCons;. + + The Build Engine can be broadly divided into five + architectural subsystems, each responsible + for a crucial part of &SCons; functionality: + + + + + + + + + A node subsystem, responsible for managing + the files (or other objects) to be built, and the dependency + relationships between them. + + + + + + + + A scanner subsystem, responsible for + scanning various file types for implicit dependencies. + + + + + + + + A signature subsystem, responsible for + deciding whether a given file (or other object) requires + rebuilding. + + + + + + + + A builder subsystem, responsible for + actually executing the necessary command or function to + build a file (or other object). + + + + + + + + A job/task subsystem, responsible for + handling parallelization of builds. + + + + + + + + + The rest of this section will provide a high-level overview of the + class structure of each of these Build Engine subsystems. + + + +
+ Node Subsystem + + + + The node subsystem of the Build Engine is + responsible for managing the knowledge in &SCons; of + the relationships among the external objects + (files) it is responsible for updating. + The most important of these relationships is + the dependency relationship between various &Node; objects, + which &SCons; uses to determine the order + in which builds should be performed. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The &scons; script (or other + user interface) + tells the Build Engine + about dependencies + through its &consenv; API. + The Build Engine also discovers + dependencies automatically through the use of &Scanner; objects. + + + + + + Subclasses of the &Node; class maintain additional + relationships that reflect the real-world + existence of these objects. + For example, the &Node_FS; subclass + is responsible for managing a + representation of the directory hierarchy + of a file system. + + + + + + A &Walker; class is used by other subsystems + to walk the dependency tree maintained by the &Node; class. + The &Walker; class maintains a stack of &Node; objects + visited during its depth-first traversal of the + dependency tree, + and uses an intermediate node &Wrapper; class + to maintain state information about a + &Node; object's dependencies. + + + +
+ +
+ Scanner Subsystem + + + + The scanner subsystem is responsible for maintaining + objects that can scan the contents of a &Node;'s + for implicit dependencies. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + In practice, a given &Scanner; subclass object + functions as a prototype, + returning clones of itself + depending on the &consenv; + values governing how the &Node; + should be scanned. + + + +
+ +
+ Signature Subsystem + + + + The signature subsystem is responsible for computing + signature information for &Node; objects. + The signature subsystem in &SCons; + supports multiple ways to + determine whether a &Node is up-to-date + by using an abstract &Sig; class + as a strategy wrapper: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + By default, &SCons; tracks dependencies by computing and + maintaining MD5 signatures for the contents of each source file + (or other object). The signature of a derived + file consists of the aggregate of the signatures of all the source + files plus the command-line string used to + build the file. These signatures are stored in a &sconsign; file + in each directory. + + + + + + If the contents of any of the source files changes, the change to its + MD5 signature is propogated to the signature of the derived file(s). The + simple fact that the new signature does not match the stored signature + indicates that the derived file is not up to date and must be rebuilt. + + + + + + A separate &TimeStamp; subclass of the &Sig; class supports + the use of traditional file timestamps for + deciding whether files are up-to-date. + + + +
+ +
+ Builder Subsystem + + + + The &SCons; Build Engine records how out-of-date files + (or other objects) should be rebuilt in &Builder; objects, + maintained by the builder subsystem: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + The actual underlying class name is &BuilderBase;, + and there are subclasses that can encapsulate + multiple &Builder; objects for special purposes. + One subclass + (&CompositeBuilder;) + selects an appropriate encapsulated &Builder; + based on the file suffix of the target object. + The other + (&MultiStepBuilder;). + can chain together multiple + &Builder; objects, + for example, + to build an executable program from a source file + through an implicit intermediate object file. + + + + + + A &BuilderBase; object has an associated + &ActionBase; object + responsible for actually executing + the appropriate steps + to update the target file. + There are three subclasses, + one for externally executable commands + (&CommandAction;), + one for Python functions + (&FunctionAction;), + and one for lists of + multiple &Action; objects + (&ListAction;). + + + +
+ +
+ Job/Task Subsystem + + + + &SCons; supports parallel builds with a thread-based tasking + model, managed by the job/task subsystem. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Instead of performing an outer-loop recursive descent + of the dependency tree and then forking a task when it finds a + file that needs updating, &SCons; starts as many threads as are + requested, each thread managed by the &Jobs; class. + As a performance optimization, + the &Jobs; class maintains an internal + distinction between + &Serial; and &Parallel; + build jobs, + so that serial builds + don't pay any performance penalty + by using a multi-threaded implementation + written for &Parallel; builds. + + + + + + Each &Jobs; object, running in its own thread, + then requests a &Task; from a central &Taskmaster;, + which is responsible + for handing out available &Task; objects for (re-)building + out-of-date nodes. A condition variable + makes sure that the &Jobs; objects + query the &Taskmaster; one at a time. + + + + + + The &Taskmaster uses the node subsystem's + &Walker; class to walk the dependency tree, + and the &Sig; class to use the + appropriate method + of deciding if a &Node; is up-to-date. + + + + + + This scheme has many advantages over the standard &Make; + implementation of . + Effective use of is difficult + with the usual recursive use of Make, + because the number of jobs started by multiply + at each level of the source tree. + This makes the actual number of jobs + executed at any moment very dependent on the size and layout of + the tree. &SCons;, in contrast, starts only as many jobs as are + requested, and keeps them constantly busy (excepting jobs that + block waiting for their dependency files to finish building). + + + +
+ +
+ +
+ The &SCons; API + + + + This section provides an overview of the &SCons; interface. The + complete interface specification is both more detailed and flexible + than this overview. + + + +
+ &ConsVars; + + + + In &SCons;, a &consenv; is an object through which an external + interface (such as the &scons; script) communicates dependency + information to the &SCons; Build Engine. + + + + + + A construction environment is implemented as a dictionary + containing: + + + + + + + + + construction variables, string values that are substituted + into command lines or used by builder functions; + + + + + + + + one or more &Builder; objects that can be invoked to update a + file or other object; + + + + + + + + one or more &Scanner; objects that can be used to + scan a file automatically for dependencies (such as + files specified on #include lines). + + + + + + + + + &Consenvs; are instantiated as follows: + + + + + env = Environment() + env_debug = Environment(CCFLAGS = '-g') + + +
+ +
+ &Builder; Objects + + + + An &SCons; &Builder; object encapsulates information about how to + build a specific type of file: an executable program, an object + file, a library, etc. A &Builder; object is associated with a + file through an associated &consenv; method and later invoked to + actually build the file. The &Builder; object will typically use + construction variables (such as &CCFLAGS;, &LIBPATH;) to influence + the specific build execution. + + + + + + &Builder; objects are instantiated as follows: + + + + + bld = Builder(name = 'Program', action = "$CC -o $TARGET $SOURCES") + + + + + In the above example, the action is a + command-line string in which the Build Engine will + interpolate the values of construction + variables before execution. The actual + action specified, though, + may be a function: + + + + + def update(dest): + # [code to update the object] + return 0 + + bld = Builder(name = 'Program', function = update) + + + + + Or a callable Python object (or class): + + + + + class class_a: + def __call__(self, kw): + # build the desired object + return 0 + + builder = SCons.Builder.Builder(action = class_a()) + + + + + A &Builder; object may have the prefix and + suffix of its target file type specified + as keyword arguments at instantiation. Additionally, the + suffix of the source files used by this + &Builder; to build its target files may be specified using the + src_suffix keyword argument: + + + + + bld_lib = Builder(name = 'Library', action = "$AR r $TARGET $SOURCES", + prefix = 'lib', suffix = '.a', src_suffix = '.o') + + + + + The specified prefix and + suffix will be appended to the name of any + target file built by this &Builder; object, if they are not + already part of the file name. The src_suffix + is used by the &SCons; Build Engine to chain together + multiple &Builder; objects to create, + for example, a library from the original source + files without having to specify the + intermediate .o files. + + + + + + &Builder; objects are associated with a &consenv; through a + &consvar; named &BUILDERS;, a list of the &Builder objects that + will be available for execution through the &consenv: + + + + + env = Environment(BUILDERS = [ Object, Library, WebPage, Program ]) + + +
+ +
+ &Scanner; Objects + + + + &Scanner; objects perform automatic checking for dependencies + by scanning the contents of files. The canonical + example is scanning a C source file or header file for + files specified on #include lines. + + + + + + A &Scanner; object is instantiated as follows: + + + + + def c_scan(contents): + # scan contents of file + return # list of files found + + c_scanner = Scanner(name = 'CScan', function = c_scan, + argument = None, + skeys = ['.c', '.C', '.h', '.H') + + + + + The skeys argument specifies a list of file + suffixes for file types that this &Scanner; knows how to scan. + + + + + + &Scanner; objects are associated with a &consenv; through a + &consvar; named &SCANNERS;, a list of the &Scanner; objects that + will be available through the &consenv: + + + + + env = Environment(SCANNERS = [ CScan, M4Scan ]) + + + + + For utilities that will build files with a variety of file + suffixes, or which require unusual scanning rules, a &Scanner; + object may be associated explicitly with a &Builder; object as + follows: + + + + + def tool_scan(contents): + # scan contents of file + return # list of files found + + tool_scanner = Scanner(name = 'TScan', function = tool_scan) + + bld = Builder(name = 'Tool', scanner = tool_scanner) + + +
+ +
+ &BuildDir; + + + + &SCons; supports a flexible mechanism for building target + files in a separate build directory from the source files. + The &BuildDir; syntax is straightforward: + + + + + BuildDir(source = 'src', build = 'bld') + + + + + By + default, source files are linked or copied into the build + directory, because exactly replicating the source directory + is sometimes necessary for certain combinations of use of + #include "..." and search + paths. + + An option exists to specify that only output files should be placed in + the build directory: + + + + + BuildDir(source = 'src', build = 'bld', no_sources = 1) + + +
+ +
+ &Repository; + + + + &SCons; supports the ability to search a list of code repositories + for source files and derived files. This works much like + &Make;'s VPATH feature, as implemented in + recent versions of GNU &Make;. + (The POSIX standard for &Make; specifies slightly + different behavior for VPATH.) + The syntax is: + + + + + Repository('/home/source/1.1', '/home/source/1.0') + + + + + A command-line option exists to allow + repositories to be specified on the command line, or in the + &SCONSFLAGS; environment variable (not construction variable!). + This avoids a chicken-and-egg situation and allows the top-level + &SConstruct; file to be found in a repository as well. + + + +
+ +
+ &Cache; + + + + &SCons; supports a way for developers to share derived files. Again, the + syntax is straightforward: + + + + + Cache('/var/build.cache/i386') + + + + + Copies of any derived files built will be placed in the specified + directory with their MD5 signature. If another build results in an + out-of-date derived file with the same signature, the derived file + will be copied from the cache instead of being rebuilt. + + + +
+ +
+ +
+ The &scons; Script + + + + The &scons; script provides an interface + that looks roughly equivalent to the + classic &Make; utility—that is, execution from the command + line, and dependency information read from configuration files. + + + + + + The most noticeable difference between &scons; and &Make;, or most + other build tools, is that the configuration files are actually + Python scripts, generically called "SConscripts" (although the + top-level "Makefile" is named &SConstruct). Users do not have to + learn a new language syntax, but instead configure dependency + information by making direct calls to the Python API of the + &SCons; Build Engine. Here is an example &SConstruct file which + builds a program in side-by-side normal and debug versions: + + + + + env = Environment() + debug = env.Copy(CCFLAGS = '-g') + + source_files = ['f1.c', 'f2.c', 'f3.c'] + + env.Program(target = 'foo', sources = source_files) + debug.Program(target = 'foo-debug', sources = source_files) + + + + + Notice the fact that this file is a Python script, which allows us + to define and re-use an array that lists the source files. + + + + + + Because quoting individul strings in long + lists of files can get tedious and error-prone, the &SCons; + methods support a short-cut of listing multiple files in a single + string, separated by white space. + This would change + the assignment in the above example to a more easily-readable: + + + + + source_files = 'f1.c f2.c f3.c' + + + + + The mechanism to establish hierarchical builds is to "include" any + subsidiary configuration files in the build by listing them explicitly + in a call to the &SConscript; function: + + + + + SConscript('src/SConscript', 'lib/SConscript') + + + + + By convention, configuration files in subdirectories are named + &SConscript;. + + + + + + The &scons; script has intentionally been made to look, from + the outside, as much like &Make; as is practical. To this + end, the &scons; script supports all of the same command-line + options supported by GNU &Make;: FILE, + , , , + etc. For compatibility, &scons; ignores those GNU &Make; options + that don't make sense for the &SCons; architecture, such as + , , , + and . The + intention is that, given an equivalent &SConstruct; file for a + &Makefile;, a user could use &SCons; as a drop-in replacement for + &Make;. Additional command-line options are, where possible, taken + from the Perl &Cons; utility on which the &SCons; design is based. + + + +
diff --git a/doc/python10/future.xml b/doc/python10/future.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..272d508 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/future.xml @@ -0,0 +1,170 @@ + + + There are a number of things we would like to do to continue to + improve &SCons; in the future. + + + +
+ Distutils Cooperation + + + + There is a certain amount of overlap between what &SCons; does + to search out and make use of various compilers on a system, and + the impressively complete job that the Distutils do of describing + much the same thing. Collaborating to provide some sort of common + interface between the two tools would benefit both tools. + + + +
+ +
+ Additional Builder Support + + + + Adding additional builders would broaden the + potential user base. In rough order of importance: + + + + + + + Java + + + + Given the popularity of Java, support for it would greatly + increase the appeal of &SCons; in the large community of Java + users. + + + + + + Good support for Java is, however, a tricky + proposition. Because the Java compiler can make decisions + about compiling other files based on what classes it finds + in a file, it behaves "unpredictably" from the point of + view of an outside build tool like &SCons; or &Make;. Some + sort of sophisticated scanning of Java source code to + identify what other classes are likely to be compiled + would be an obvious first step, but notice that here + &SCons; would be scanning the file to find additional + targets to be built. This is the inverse of the sort of + #include scanning performed + for C files, in which &SCons; is looking for additional + dependencies. + + + + + + + Documentation toolchains + + + + A number of early adopters + are using &SCons; to + build documents + from TeX or DocBook source files. + Built-in support for + various documentation toolchains + would be an obvious boon + for many people. + + + + + + + C# + + + + The reality is that anything that Microsoft does will doubtless + have a wide audience. Turning &SCons;' back on that would be + cutting off its nose to spite its face. + + + + + + + Fortran + + + + Despite the fact that &SCons; is no longer directly + associated with Software Carpentry, it still shares the + same goal: to make programming easier for more than just + programmers. To that end, good Fortran support would + help a great many physical scientists and other computer + users out there who still rely on Fortran + for a great deal of their work. + + + + + + + +
+ +
+ Database Interface + + + + The Nodes in an &SCons; dependency graph aren't only restricted to + files. Creating an interface to mSQL or MySQL databases would allow + the possibility of updating external files in response to changes in + database fields, or vice versa. This could be handy, for example, + for generating a cache of static web pages from a database that only + need re-generating when the appropriate database objects change. + + + +
+ +
+ Tool Integration + + + + &SCons; should work well with as many popular Integrated Development + Environments (IDEs) and tool chains as possible: Komodo, Microsoft + Visual Studio, ClearCase, etc. Suggestions for additional tools are + welcome. + + + +
+ +
+ Makefile Interface + + + + Because the &SCons; Build Engine can be embedded in any Python + interface, there isn't any technical reason why a &Makefile; + interpreter couldn't be written in Python and use the &SCons; Build + Engine for its dependency analysis. + + + + + + Proof-of-concept for the idea already exists. Gary Holt's + make++ (also known as makepp) + is a Perl implementation of just such a &Makefile; interpreter. It + could possible serve as a model for a Python version, in much the + same way the &Cons; design served as the prototype for &SCons;. + + + +
diff --git a/doc/python10/install.xml b/doc/python10/install.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d150beb --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/install.xml @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ + + + Initial installation of a new utility provides the first, lasting + impression of how well the software is likely to perform. From the + start, &SCons; has made clean installation a priority. + + + +
+ Version Control + + + + Distributing an application like &SCons; that depends + on a package normally found in a library poses a + problem. If the &scons; script and the &SCons; Build Engine + are installed separately, it could be easy + to introduce a version mismatch between the Build Engine + installed in + /usr/lib/python*/site-packages + and the &scons; script installed in + /usr/bin. + Such a mismatch + could possible mean exceptions that prevent builds, or even worse, + silently unreliable builds. + + + + + + To reduce the possibility of a version mismatch, + the &scons; script looks first for its + imported modules in /usr/lib/scons-{version}/, + then in /usr/lib/scons/, + and then in the normal &PYTHONPATH; locations, + including /usr/lib/python*/site-packages). + Searching in a version-specific library directory first + makes it convenient to install and use multiple + side-by-side versions of &SCons;, + which is sometimes important + when verifying that a new version does not introduce any + errors into the local build process. + Searching next in an &SCons;-specific library directory + makes it convenient for other software to find + the &SCons; Build Engine without having to worry about + installing separate copies for + multiple versions of Python. + + + +
+ +
+ Packages + + + + &SCons; is currently distributed in the following packages: + + + + + + + + + + + scons-version.tar.gz + + + + The traditional .tar.gz file, + installable by running setup.py. + + + + + + + scons-version.noarch.rpm + + + + An RPM file for typical installation. + + + + + + + scons-version_all.deb + + + + A Debian package. + + + + + + + scons-version.win32.exe + + + + A Windows installer. + + + + + + + scons-version.src.rpm + + + + A source RPM file. + + + + + + + scons-src-version.tar.gz + + + + A tarball of the &SCons; source tree, + including the full set of regression tests. + + + + + + +
+ + + + Like other software written in Python, &SCons; benefits greatly from + the tremendous effort put into the distutils by + Greg Ward and others. These take care of 90% of the work by making + it almost trivial to generate the appropriate RPM files, Debian + packages, and Windows installer. + + + +
+ +
+ Default Builder Objects + + + + As part of the installation process, &SCons; runs a set of scripts + that look for popular compilers and other tools and set up + appropriate default &Builder; objects for the tools found. These + &Builder; objects are then used to initialize the default &consenv; + values. + + + +
+ +
+ Default Scanner Objects + + + + Additionally, &SCons; comes with a stock set of &Scanner; objects + for the various file types that it supports out of the box. Any + unusal &Scanner; objects required for a specific tool will be + detected at installation time and associated with the appropriate + &Builder; object for the tool. + + + +
diff --git a/doc/python10/intro.xml b/doc/python10/intro.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3057be --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/intro.xml @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ + + + More than twenty years after its creation, the classic UNIX &Make; + utility and its descendants are still the dominant way in which + software is built. &Make; has maintained this position despite the + fact that the intervening years have revealed many + shortcomings of the &Make; model for building software: + + + + + + + + + The use of timestamps to decide when a file has been updated is + imprecise and prone to error, especially across distributed file + systems such as NFS. + + + + + + + + Builds of typical large software systems still take hours, if not + days, despite the tremendous advances in CPU and disk speeds over + recent years. + + + + + + + + &Make; maintains static definitions of dependencies in its + &Makefiles;. Much effort has been put into + utilities (mkdepend, gcc + -M) and schemes (Makefile.d + files) to try to keep &Makefile; dependencies up-to-date, + but these only confirm that &Make;'s static dependencies are + inherently fragile. + + + + + + + + The standard recursive use of &Make; for build hierarchies leads + to incomplete dependency graphs, which must be overcome by + manually changing the order in which directories are built, or + through the use of multiple build passes. + + + + + + + + + One need only look at the plethora of helper and wrapper utilities + (automake, easymake, imake, jmake, makeLib, maketool, mkmed, shake, + SMake, TMAKE) and complete alternatives to &Make; (Ant, bake, bau, + bras, Cake, Cons, Cook, Jam, jmk, jus, makeme, mash, MK, nmake, Odin, + VMake) that have been created over the years to realize that vanilla + &Make; is not satisfying everyone's build requirements. So why Yet + Another build tool? + + + +
+ Enter Software Carpentry + + + + Most of the build tools just mentioned + were written by programmers and for + programmers. The fact that most programmer-friendly + utilities do a poor job of fulfilling the needs + of non-programmers prompted Greg Wilson to + organize the Software Carpentry competition in January 2000. + Software Carpentry was an + open design contest with the express goal of producing a set of + next-generation utilities, including a build tool, that would be + accessible + not only to + programmers + but also to computer users + such as physical scientists. + + + + + + The key to this usability would be that all of + these utilities, including the build tool, would be + written in Python. + This provided the catalyst for actually + pursuing an idea + that had been floating around one of the more + intriguing &Make; alternatives, + a Perl utility called &Cons;. + What if the friendlier syntax of Python + could be married to the + architectural advantages of &Cons;? + + + + + + The resulting merged design, at that time named &ScCons;, + won the Software Carpentry build tool competition. CodeSourcery (by + then the administrators of the competition) ultimately decided not to + fund development of the build tool, but the seed had been planted and the + design had taken root. + + + +
+ +
+ Cons + + + + It helps to know something about &Cons;. + &Cons; was first released in 1996 by Bob Sidebotham, + then an employee of Fore Systems, + and it has a number of + distinctive features that set it apart from most &Make;-alikes: + + + + + + + + + &Cons; "configuration files" are not Yet Another + invented mini-language, but are actually Perl + scripts, which means the full power and flexibility of + a real scripting language can be applied to build problems. + + + + + + + + &Cons; builds everything from a single process at the top of the + source tree, with a global view of the dependencies. + + + + + + + + &Cons; scans files automatically for dependencies such as + files specified on #include lines. + + + + + + + + &Cons; decides if a file was out-of-date by using MD5 checksums of + the contents of files, not timestamps. + + + + + + + + + Despite all of these intriguing architectural features, the great + strength of &Cons;—being written in Perl—was also one of + its weaknesses, turning away many potential users due to the + (real or perceived) steep learning curve of Perl. + + + +
+ +
+ &SCons; + + + + Through the &ScCons; contest entry, + &SCons; is the direct descendant of the &Cons; architecture, + and is currently + under active, supported development with a growing body of + users. Its first release was 13 December 2001, under the simple and + non-restrictive MIT license, and from the outset, the goal of the + members of the &SCons; project has been to deliver a stable, reliable + tool that can be used for industrial-strength software builds. + + + + + + The rest of this paper will give an overview of the &SCons; design + (including its architecture and interface), describe the development + methodology used, and discuss future directions for &SCons;. + + + +
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+2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 + 4950 2100 4950 1800 +2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 + 6750 2100 6750 1800 diff --git a/doc/python10/job-task.jpg b/doc/python10/job-task.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ff3ded0 Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/python10/job-task.jpg differ diff --git a/doc/python10/main.xml b/doc/python10/main.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42bc4af --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/main.xml @@ -0,0 +1,221 @@ + + + + + + %scons; + + + + + + + + + + +]> + +
+ + SCons Design and Implementation + + + Steven + Knight + + + + 2001 + 2002 + Steven Knight + + + 2002 + + + 4-7 February 2002 + The Tenth International Python Conference +
Alexandria, Virginia
+ + + + + 0.2 + 16 December 2001 + Internal re-review. + + + 0.1 + 8 October 2001 + Submitted for Python10 conference. + + + + + + + &abstract; + + +
+ Introduction + &intro; +
+ +
+ Architecture + &design; +
+ +
+ Installation + &install; +
+ +
+ Development Process + &process; +
+ +
+ Future Directions + &future; +
+ +
+ Summary + + + This paper has introduced &SCons;, a next-generation build tool + with a modular, embeddable architecture and a direct Python + interface. &SCons; has a global view of the dependencies in a source + tree, uses MD5 signatures to decide if derived files are out of date, + and automatically scans files for dependencies, all of which make &SCons; + builds exceptionally reliable. The &SCons; development methodology has + been described, notable for its emphasis on automated regression + testing to ensure a robust and reliable tool from day one. Several + future directions for &SCons; have also been discussed. + + +
+ +
+ Acknowledgements + &acks; +
+ + + + + References + + + 1 + + Stuart I.Feldman + + + Aug 1978 + + + Bell Laboratories + + Make - A Program for Maintaining Computer Programs + + + + 2 + + PeterMiller + + + 1997 + Peter Miller + + Recursive Make Considered Harmful + + + + + 3 + + AndrewOram + SteveTalbott + + + 1986 + 1991 + O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. + + + O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. + + Managing Projects with Make, 2nd Ed. + + + + 4 + + Richard M.Stallman + RolandMcGrath + + + 1988 + '89 + '90 + '91 + '92 + '93 + '94 + '95 + '96 + '97 + '98 + '99 + 2000 + Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + + Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + GNU Make + A Program for Directing Recompilation + + + + +
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4.000 0 0 7 0 0 5 + 1350 1800 1310 1875 1350 1950 1390 1875 1350 1800 +2 1 0 1 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 0 7 1 0 2 + 1 1 1.00 60.00 120.00 + 1350 1950 1350 5100 +2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 + 1350 1200 1350 900 +2 1 1 1 0 7 50 0 -1 4.000 0 0 -1 0 0 2 + 3600 1200 3600 900 diff --git a/doc/python10/node.jpg b/doc/python10/node.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98ceb5e Binary files /dev/null and b/doc/python10/node.jpg differ diff --git a/doc/python10/process.xml b/doc/python10/process.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f1b2479 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/python10/process.xml @@ -0,0 +1,353 @@ + + + The &SCons; project has paid particular attention from day one to the + development process. One of the first internal documents produced was + a set of Developer's Guidelines to provide a loose framework for what + we were trying to accomplish and how we would go about accomplishing + it. These Guidelines cover things like: + + + + + + + + + &SCons; will be written to Python version 1.5.2 (to ensure + usability by a wide install base). + + + + + + + + How &SCons; is be tested: which infrastructure modules to use, + what platforms to test on, etc. + + + + + + + + Expectations for developers (subscribe to the mailing list, + encouraged to register at SourceForge). + + + + + + + + Brief outline of how to use the change management systems (Aegis and + CVS) for &SCons; development;. + + + + + + + + + Establishing these guidelines up front had two purposes: 1) + Demonstrate the seriousness of the project to anyone wondering about + joining the effort; 2) Give potential developers an idea up front as + to whether their development style would mesh with the rest of the + project. + + + +
+ Aegis + + + + One of the most important aspects of the &SCons; development process + is the use of Peter Miller's Aegis change management system. I + had been using Aegis for personal projects for several years, and + found its development methodology vastly improved the quality of my + programming. I was consequently committed to using it for &SCons; + development. + + + + + + Aegis provides a number of things, including: + + + + + + + + + A flexible source code control and branching model. + + + + + + + + A defined process with separate development, review and + integration steps. + + + + + + + + A distributed development model based on distribution of atomic + change sets. + + + + + + + + + The single most important reason for using Aegis, however, is its + management of automated tests as part of the development process. + + + +
+ +
+ Testing, Testing, Testing + + + + The &SCons; project has made extensive use of automated tests from day + one, taking inspiration mostly from Aegis, partly from the eXtreme + Programming model, and with a little home-brew scripting for glue. + + + +
+ Testing Criteria + + + + The underlying criteria for testing changes to the &SCons; code + are taken from Aegis: + + + + + + + + + Every change must have one or more new or modified tests + checked in along with the code. + + + + + + + + The new code being checked in must pass all of the new and/or + modified tests. + + + + + + + + The old, already checked-in code in must + fail all of the new and/or modified + tests. + + + + + + + + The new code being checked in must pass all unmodified, + already checked-in tests. + + + + + + + + + In practice, these restrictions can be overridden as necessary­for + example, when changing comments or documentation. + + + + + + The criterion that surprises many people is having the old code + fail the tests in the change. This makes sure that the new tests + or modified tests really do exercise the bug fix or feature being + added by the change. + + + + + + Together, these criteria ensure that every newly checked-in + version &SCons; conforms to defined behavior, as defined by + the tests. Whenever a bug is found, its fix is checked in with + a new or modified test that guarantees the bug will not recur + in the future. We have already built up a regression test base + of almost 90 tests that cover the vast majority of &SCons;' + functionality. + + + +
+ +
+ Testing Infrastructure + + + + Testing standards are no good if they're too much of a burden for + developers, who will at best work around or ignore the testing + requirements, or at worst stop contributing code and go join a + project that's more fun. To this end, good testing infrastructure + that makes it easy to write tests is crucial. + + + + + + &SCons; development uses two development methodologies, one for + the individual modules in the build engine, and the other for + end-to-end tests of the &SCons; script. + + + + + + For the build engine modules, we use PyUnit. Every change to a + build engine module must have a change to its corresponding unit + tests, which live side-by-side in a separate file that imports + module. As we build up a large body of unit tests, this ensures + that the build engine will perform correctly whenever someone uses + it in some application other than the &SCons; script itself. + + + + + + For end-to-end script tests, we have developed two modules to make + writing tests easy. The first, TestCmd.py, + is a generic module for + testing commands or scripts (in any language, not just Python). + + The second module, TestScons.py, + is a subclass of the generic + TestCmd.py module. + TestScons.py + takes care of initialization and + displaying error conditions + specific to testing &SCons;. + + + + + + In practice, simple tests only + need to initialize a test object, use the object to write some + input files, run &SCons;, and then check whatever criteria + determine whether the test passed or failed. A complete test of + the &Program; method, for example, looks like this: + + + + + test = TestSCons.TestSCons() + + test.write('SConstruct', + """env = Environment() + env.Program(target = 'foo', source = 'foo.c') + """) + + test.write('foo.c', + """ + int + main(int argc, char *argv[]) + { + argv[argc++] = "-"; /* dummy use of args */ + printf("foo.c successfully compiled\\n"); + exit (0); + } + """) + + test.run(arguments = 'foo') # runs SCons + + test.run(program = test.workpath('foo')) + + test.fail_test(test.stdout() != "foo.c successfully compiled\n") + + test.pass_test() + + +
+ +
+ +
+ SourceForge + + + + Registration of the &SCons; project was approved at SourceForge on + 29 June 2001. Within a week, the initial code base was checked in, + mailing lists were created, and the web site was set up. We started + making use of the task-list manager to track what we had to finish + for initial release. + + + + + + The obvious complication was how to use + structured testing methodology of Aegis when SourceForge uses + CVS for source control. Not using the SourceForge CVS tree would + have had two significant disadvantages: one, missing out on the + archiving and central location in the event of disaster; two, people + coming to the SourceForge project page wouldn't be able to browse + the source. The latter was particularly important in + the early stages of development, in order to avoid any impression + that this was Yet Another Project that starts with a bang and then + dwindles as the initial enthusiasm starts to wear off. + + + + + + The solution was to use the SourceForge CVS repository for read-only + access to the source. &SCons; developers are welcome to use CVS for + their development, but the changes are not + committed to the SourceForge repository. Instead, patches are sent + to the integrator for processing through Aegis. When the change + has been integrated into the Aegis repository, a home-brew + script translates the Aegis change into a virtual shell script + of commands that copy the necessary files from Aegis and check them + in to CVS at SourceForge. + + + + + + (In practice, write access is not actually disabled for registered + developers, but if they do make any changes directly at SourceForge, + they can be overwritten at the next Aegis update.) + + + +
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